NIH Consensus Statement On ECT

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Electroconvulsive Therapy

National Institutes of Health
Consensus Development Conference Statement
June 10-12, 1985

Consensus Development Panel

Robert M. Rose, M.D.
Panel Chairman
Professor and Chairman
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences
University of Texas Medical Branch
Galveston, Texas

Robert A. Burt, J.D.
Southmayd Professor of Law
Yale Law School
Yale University
New Haven, Connecticut

Paula J. Clayton, M.D.
Professor and Head
Department of Psychiatry
University of Minnesota
Minneapolis, Minnesota

Allen Frances, M.D.
Professor of Psychiatry
Cornell University Medical College
New York, New York

Arnold J. Friedhoff, M.D.
Director of Millhauser Laboratories
Professor of Psychiatry
New York University College of Medicine
New York, New York

Kay Redfield Jamison, Ph.D.
Associate Professor and Director
Affective Disorders Clinic
Department of Psychiatry
University of California at Los Angeles School of Medicine
Los Angeles, California

David S. Janowsky, M.D.
Professor of Psychiatry
Director
Mental Health Clinical Research Center
University of California at San Diego
Staff Physician
San Diego Veterans Administration Medical Center
La Jolla, California

Jonathan Leff
Editorial Consultant
Retired Director
Consumer Reports Books
South Hero, Vermont

Ilo E. Leppik, M.D.
Associate Professor of Neurology
University of Minnesota
St. Paul Ramsey Medical Center
St. Paul, Minnesota

Douglas M. McNair, Ph.D.
Professor and Director
Clinical Psychopharmacology Laboratory
Clinical Psychology Ph.D. Program
Boston University
Boston, Massachusetts

Leonard I. Stein, M.D.
Professor of Psychiatry
University of Wisconsin Medical School
Medical Director
Dane County Mental Health Center
Madison, Wisconsin

Verner Stillner, M.D., M.P.H.
Medical Director
Charter Ridge Hospital
Professor of Psychiatry
University of Kentucky
Lexington, Kentucky

Myrna M. Weissman, Ph.D.
Professor of Psychiatry and Epidemiology
Director
Depression Research Unit
Department of Psychology
Yale University School of Medicine
New Haven, Connecticut

Robert P. Withrow, M.D., M.P.H.
Associate Director
Mental Health Department
Director of Inpatient Unit
Fresno Community Hospital and Medical Center
Assistant Clinical Professor
Department of Psychiatry
University of California at San Francisco School of Medicine
Fresno, California

Speakers

Richard Abrams, M.D.
"Clinical Strategies in Choice and Timing of ECT"
Professor and Vice Chairman
Department of Psychiatry
University of Health Sciences and Chicago Medical School
North Chicago, Illinois

Sydney Brandon, M.D., F.R.C.Psych.
"Efficacy in Depression: Controlled Trials"
Foundation Professor of Psychiatry
Head of Department of Psychiatry
University of Leicester
Clinical Sciences Building
Royal Infirmary
Leicester
ENGLAND

Peter R. Breggin, M.D.
"Neuropathology and Cognitive Dysfunction from ECT"
Psychiatrist and Director
Center for the Study of Psychiatry
Bethesda, Maryland

Jan Fawcett, M.D.
"Efficacy in Depression: ECT Versus Antidepressants"
Professor and Chairman
Department of Psychiatry
Rush-Presbyterian-St. Lukes Medical Center
Chicago, Illinois

Max Fink, M.D.
"Convulsive Therapy: How It Evolved"
Professor of Psychiatry
State University of New York at Stony Brook School of Medicine
St. James, New York

Christopher Freeman, M.B., Ch.B., M.R.C.Psych., M.Phil
"Patients' Attitudes Toward ECT"
Consultant Psychiatrist
University of Edinburgh
Royal Edinburgh Hospital
Edinburgh
SCOTLAND

Gerald L. Klerman, M.D.
"The Use of Somatic Treatments for Psychiatric Illnesses"
Professor of Psychiatry
Harvard Medical School
Director of Psychiatric Research
Department of Psychiatry
Massachusetts General Hospital
Boston, Massachusetts

Bernard Lerer, M.D.
"ECT: Possible Mechanisms of Action"
Jerusalem Mental Health Center
Jerusalem
ISRAEL

Agnete Mouritzen Dam, M.D., Ph.D.
"Quantitative Neuropathology in Electrically Induced Generalized Convulsions"
Neurologist and Research Assistant
Neurological Laboratory
University Hospital Hvidovre
Virum
DENMARK

John Parry, J.D.
"Legal Parameters of Informed Consent for ECT Administered to Mentally Disabled Persons"
Staff Director
Commission on the Mentally Disabled
Editor
Mental and Physical Disability Law Reporter of the American Bar Association
Washington, D.C.

Ferris N. Pitts, Jr., M.D.
"General Technique of ECT"
Professor of Psychiatry
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences
University of Southern California School of
Medicine
Los Angeles, California

Trevor R. P. Price, M.D.
"Systemic Effects of ECT"
Associate Professor of Psychiatry and Medicine
Dartmouth Medical School
Hanover, New Hampshire

Loren H. Roth, M.D., M.P.H.
"Data on Informed Consent for ECT"
Professor of Psychiatry
Chief of Adult Clinical Services
Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic
University of Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

David J. Rothman, Ph.D.
"ECT: The Historical, Social, and Professional Sources of the Controversy"
Bernard Schoenberg Professor of Social Medicine
Center for the Study of Society and Medicine
Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons
New York, New York

Harold A. Sackeim, Ph.D.
"Acute Cognitive Side Effects of ECT"
Associate Professor of Psychology
New York University
Research Scientist and Deputy Chief
Department of Biological Psychiatry
New York State Psychiatric Institute
New York, New York

Joyce G. Small, M.D.
"Efficacy of ECT in Schizophrenia, Mania, and Other Disorders"
Professor of Psychiatry
Indiana University School of Medicine
Larue D. Carter Memorial Hospital
Indianapolis, Indiana

Larry R. Squire, Ph.D.
"The Question of Long-Term Effects"
Professor of Psychiatry and Research Career
Scientist
Veterans Administration Medical Center
Department of Psychiatry
University of California at San Diego School of Medicine
San Diego, California

James W. Thompson, M.D., M.P.H.
"Utilization of ECT in U.S. Psychiatric Facilities, 1970 to 1980"
Chief
Service System and Economics Research Branch
Division of Biometry and Epidemiology
National Institute of Mental Health
Rockville, Maryland

Richard D. Weiner, M.D., Ph.D.
"Electrical Dosage, Stimulus Parameters, and Electrode Placement"
Associate Professor of Psychiatry
Duke University Medical Center
Psychiatry Service
Durham Veterans Administration Medical Center
Durham, North Carolina

Planning Committee

Robert M. Rose, M.D.
Panel Chairman
Professor and Chairman
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences
University of Texas Medical Branch
Galveston, Texas

Richard Abrams, M.D.
Professor and Vice Chairman
Department of Psychiatry
University of Health Sciences and Chicago Medical School
North Chicago, Illinois

Michael J. Bernstein
Director of Communications
Office of Medical Applications of Research
National Institutes of Health
Bethesda, Maryland

Jack D. Blaine, M.D.
National Institute of Mental Health
Coordinator
Research Psychiatrist
Affective Disorders Section
Pharmacologic and Somatic Treatments Research Branch
National Institute of Mental Health
Rockville, Maryland

Susan M. Clark
Office of Medical Applications of Research
Coordinator
Social Science Analyst
Office of Medical Applications of Research
National Institutes of Health
Bethesda, Maryland

Alan J. Gelenberg, M.D.
Psychiatrist-in-Chief
The Arbour
Chief of Special Studies
Massachusetts General Hospital
Associate Professor
Harvard Medical School
Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts

Michael S. Gluck, D.Sc., P.E.
Chief
Anesthesiology and Respiratory Therapy Devices Branch
Food and Drug Administration
Silver Spring, Maryland

Myrle Kahn
Public Information Specialist
Public Communications Branch
National Institute of Mental Health
Rockville, Maryland

Harold Alan Pincus, M.D.
Special Assistant to the Director
National Institute of Mental Health
Rockville, Maryland

William Z. Potter, M.D., Ph.D.
Chief
Section on Clinical Psychopharmacology
Laboratory of Clinical Science
National Institute of Mental Health
Rockville, Maryland

Norman Rosenberg, J.D.
Director
Mental Health Law Project
Washington, D.C.

Harold A. Sackeim, Ph.D.
Associate Professor of Psychology
New York University
Research Scientist and Deputy Chief
Department of Biological Psychiatry
New York State Psychiatric Institute
New York, New York

Richard D. Weiner, M.D., Ph.D.
Associate Professor of Psychiatry
Duke University Medical Center
Psychiatry Service
Durham Veterans Administration Medical Center
Durham, North Carolina

Supplemental Information for NIH Consensus Statement on Electroconvulsive Therapy

Since the NIH Consensus Statement on Electroconvulsive Therapy was issued, additional information has become available that supplements the original statement. The following articles also provide additional information to the original consensus statement.

Abrams R. (1992), Electroconvulsive Therapy, 2nd edition, New York, Oxford University Press
A task force report (hardcover book) from the American Psychiatric Association (1990): The Practice of ECT: Recommendations for Treatment, Training, and Privileging
the quarterly journal, Convulsive Therapy
a special issue of the Psychopharmacology Bulletin with the complete proceedings of a 1993 NIMH ECT workshop entitled "New Directions for ECT Research", Volume 30, No. 3 (1994)
A valuable companion to the above is a book published by the American Psychiatric Press as #38 in the Progress in Psychiatric Series: The Clinical Science of Electroconvulsive Therapy, edited by CE Coffey (1993), with an introduction from NIMH by MV Rudorfer and FK Goodwin

For health care professionals, the following journal references may be useful:

Potter WZ, Rudorfer MV, Manji H. The pharmacologic treatment of depression. New England Journal of Medicine 1991; 325:633-642.
Sackeim HA, Prudic J, Devanand DP, et al. Effects of stimulus intensity and electrode placement on the efficacy and cognitive effects of electroconvulsive therapy. New England Journal of Medicine 1993; 328:839-846
Potter WZ, Rudorfer MV, Electroconvulsive therapy -- A modern medical procedure (editorial). New England Journal of Medicine 1993; 328:882-883
Finally, a forthcoming comprehensive chapter on ECT potentially can serve as a useful addendum to the above as an attachment to the consensus conference statement upon publication. Because it was written by a Government employee, it is not subject to copyright: Rudorfer MV, Henry ME, Sackeim HA. electroconvulsive therapy, in Psychiatry. Edited by Tasman A, Kay J, Lieberman JA. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co, 1997. ISSN/ISBN: 0721652557.

Electroconvulsive Therapy

Consensus Development Panel

Speakers

Planning Committee

Sponsors

Supplemental Information for NIH Consensus Statement on Electroconvulsive Therapy

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